Merge branch 'pajowu/security-plaintext-placeholder' into 'master'

SECURITY: Prevent placeholder injection in plaintext emails See merge request pretix/pretix!21
2026-02-16 10:59:44 +01:00
parent dd0cd7ab0b ad752dc617
commit 29ed07ccce
7 changed files with 294 additions and 67 deletions
--- a/src/pretix/base/email.py
+++ b/src/pretix/base/email.py
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ from pretix.base.templatetags.rich_text import (
    DEFAULT_CALLBACKS, EMAIL_RE, URL_RE, abslink_callback,
    markdown_compile_email, truelink_callback,
 )
-from pretix.helpers.format import SafeFormatter, format_map
+from pretix.helpers.format import FormattedString, SafeFormatter, format_map

 from pretix.base.services.placeholders import (  # noqa
    get_available_placeholders, PlaceholderContext
@@ -141,6 +141,7 @@ class TemplateBasedMailRenderer(BaseHTMLMailRenderer):
        return markdown_compile_email(plaintext, context=context)

    def render(self, plain_body: str, plain_signature: str, subject: str, order, position, context) -> str:
+        apply_format_map = not isinstance(plain_body, FormattedString)
        body_md = self.compile_markdown(plain_body, context)
        if context:
            linker = bleach.Linker(
@@ -149,12 +150,13 @@ class TemplateBasedMailRenderer(BaseHTMLMailRenderer):
                callbacks=DEFAULT_CALLBACKS + [truelink_callback, abslink_callback],
                parse_email=True
            )
-            body_md = format_map(
-                body_md,
-                context=context,
-                mode=SafeFormatter.MODE_RICH_TO_HTML,
-                linkifier=linker
-            )
+            if apply_format_map:
+                body_md = format_map(
+                    body_md,
+                    context=context,
+                    mode=SafeFormatter.MODE_RICH_TO_HTML,
+                    linkifier=linker
+                )
        htmlctx = {
            'site': settings.PRETIX_INSTANCE_NAME,
            'site_url': settings.SITE_URL,
--- a/src/pretix/base/models/orders.py
+++ b/src/pretix/base/models/orders.py
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ from pretix.base.timemachine import time_machine_now

 from ...helpers import OF_SELF
 from ...helpers.countries import CachedCountries, FastCountryField
-from ...helpers.format import format_map
+from ...helpers.format import FormattedString, format_map
 from ...helpers.names import build_name
 from ...testutils.middleware import debugflags_var
 from ._transactions import (
@@ -1178,7 +1178,8 @@ class Order(LockModel, LoggedModel):
                recipient = position.attendee_email

            email_content = render_mail(template, context)
-            subject = format_map(subject, context)
+            if not isinstance(subject, FormattedString):
+                subject = format_map(subject, context)
            mail(
                recipient, subject, template, context,
                self.event, self.locale, self, headers=headers, sender=sender,
@@ -2907,7 +2908,8 @@ class OrderPosition(AbstractPosition):
        with language(self.order.locale, self.order.event.settings.region):
            recipient = self.attendee_email
            email_content = render_mail(template, context)
-            subject = format_map(subject, context)
+            if not isinstance(subject, FormattedString):
+                subject = format_map(subject, context)
            mail(
                recipient, subject, template, context,
                self.event, self.order.locale, order=self.order, headers=headers, sender=sender,
--- a/src/pretix/base/services/mail.py
+++ b/src/pretix/base/services/mail.py
@@ -81,7 +81,9 @@ from pretix.base.signals import (
 )
 from pretix.celery_app import app
 from pretix.helpers import OF_SELF
-from pretix.helpers.format import SafeFormatter, format_map
+from pretix.helpers.format import (
+    FormattedString, PlainHtmlAlternativeString, SafeFormatter, format_map,
+)
 from pretix.helpers.hierarkey import clean_filename
 from pretix.multidomain.urlreverse import build_absolute_uri
 from pretix.presale.ical import get_private_icals
@@ -218,6 +220,9 @@ def mail(email: Union[str, Sequence[str]], subject: str, template: Union[str, La
    if email == INVALID_ADDRESS:
        return

+    if isinstance(template, FormattedString):
+        raise TypeError("Cannot pass an already formatted body template")
+
    if no_order_links and not plain_text_only:
        raise ValueError('If you set no_order_links, you also need to set plain_text_only.')

@@ -251,23 +256,28 @@ def mail(email: Union[str, Sequence[str]], subject: str, template: Union[str, La
    if event and attach_tickets and not event.settings.mail_attach_tickets:
        attach_tickets = False

-    with language(locale):
+    with language(locale), override(timezone):
        if isinstance(context, dict) and order:
            _autoextend_context(context, order)

        # Build raw content
-        body_plain = render_mail(template, context, placeholder_mode=SafeFormatter.MODE_RICH_TO_PLAIN)
+        content_plain = render_mail(template, context, placeholder_mode=None)
        if settings_holder:
            signature = str(settings_holder.settings.get('mail_text_signature'))
        else:
            signature = ""

        # Build full plain-text body
+        if not isinstance(content_plain, FormattedString):
+            body_plain = format_map(content_plain, context, mode=SafeFormatter.MODE_RICH_TO_PLAIN)
+        else:
+            body_plain = content_plain
        body_plain = _wrap_plain_body(body_plain, signature, event, order, position, no_order_links)
-        body_plain = format_map(body_plain, context, mode=SafeFormatter.MODE_RICH_TO_PLAIN)

        # Build subject
-        subject = str(subject).format_map(TolerantDict(context))
+        if not isinstance(subject, FormattedString):
+            subject = format_map(subject, context)
+
        subject = raw_subject = subject.replace('\n', ' ').replace('\r', '')[:900]
        if settings_holder:
            subject = prefix_subject(settings_holder, subject)
@@ -286,26 +296,24 @@ def mail(email: Union[str, Sequence[str]], subject: str, template: Union[str, La
            else:
                renderer = ClassicMailRenderer(None, organizer)

-            with override(timezone):
-                content_plain = render_mail(template, context, placeholder_mode=None)
-                try:
-                    if 'context' in inspect.signature(renderer.render).parameters:
-                        body_html = renderer.render(content_plain, signature, raw_subject, order, position, context)
-                    elif 'position' in inspect.signature(renderer.render).parameters:
-                        # Backwards compatibility
-                        warnings.warn('Email renderer called without context argument because context argument is not '
-                                      'supported.',
-                                      DeprecationWarning)
-                        body_html = renderer.render(content_plain, signature, raw_subject, order, position)
-                    else:
-                        # Backwards compatibility
-                        warnings.warn('Email renderer called without position argument because position argument is not '
-                                      'supported.',
-                                      DeprecationWarning)
-                        body_html = renderer.render(content_plain, signature, raw_subject, order)
-                except:
-                    logger.exception('Could not render HTML body')
-                    body_html = None
+            try:
+                if 'context' in inspect.signature(renderer.render).parameters:
+                    body_html = renderer.render(content_plain, signature, raw_subject, order, position, context)
+                elif 'position' in inspect.signature(renderer.render).parameters:
+                    # Backwards compatibility
+                    warnings.warn('Email renderer called without context argument because context argument is not '
+                                  'supported.',
+                                  DeprecationWarning)
+                    body_html = renderer.render(content_plain, signature, raw_subject, order, position)
+                else:
+                    # Backwards compatibility
+                    warnings.warn('Email renderer called without position argument because position argument is not '
+                                  'supported.',
+                                  DeprecationWarning)
+                    body_html = renderer.render(content_plain, signature, raw_subject, order)
+            except:
+                logger.exception('Could not render HTML body')
+                body_html = None

        m = OutgoingMail.objects.create(
            organizer=organizer,
@@ -790,7 +798,12 @@ def render_mail(template, context, placeholder_mode: Optional[int]=SafeFormatter
            body = format_map(body, context, mode=placeholder_mode)
    else:
        tpl = get_template(template)
-        body = tpl.render(context)
+        context = {
+            # Known bug, should behave differently for plain and HTML but we'll fix after security release
+            k: v.html if isinstance(v, PlainHtmlAlternativeString) else v
+            for k, v in context.items()
+        }
+        body = FormattedString(tpl.render(context))
    return body


@@ -936,7 +949,7 @@ def _wrap_plain_body(content_plain, signature, event, order, position, no_order_
    body_plain += "\r\n\r\n-- \r\n"

    if signature:
-        signature = signature.format(event=event.name if event else '')
+        signature = format_map(signature, {"event": event.name if event else ''})
        body_plain += signature
        body_plain += "\r\n\r\n-- \r\n"

@@ -948,7 +961,7 @@ def _wrap_plain_body(content_plain, signature, event, order, position, no_order_
        body_plain += _(
            "You can view your order details at the following URL:\n{orderurl}."
        ).replace("\n", "\r\n").format(
-            event=event.name, orderurl=build_absolute_uri(
+            orderurl=build_absolute_uri(
                order.event, 'presale:event.order.position', kwargs={
                    'order': order.code,
                    'secret': position.web_secret,
--- a/src/pretix/helpers/format.py
+++ b/src/pretix/helpers/format.py
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 import logging
 from string import Formatter

+from django.core.exceptions import SuspiciousOperation
 from django.utils.html import conditional_escape

 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
@@ -37,6 +38,17 @@ class PlainHtmlAlternativeString:
        return f"PlainHtmlAlternativeString('{self.plain}', '{self.html}')"


+class FormattedString(str):
+    """
+    A str subclass that has been specifically marked as "already formatted" for email rendering
+    purposes to avoid duplicate formatting.
+    """
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self
+
+
 class SafeFormatter(Formatter):
    """
    Customized version of ``str.format`` that (a) behaves just like ``str.format_map`` and
@@ -77,8 +89,19 @@ class SafeFormatter(Formatter):
        # Ignore format_spec
        return super().format_field(self._prepare_value(value), '')

+    def convert_field(self, value, conversion):
+        # Ignore any conversions
+        if conversion is None:
+            return value
+        else:
+            return str(value)

-def format_map(template, context, raise_on_missing=False, mode=SafeFormatter.MODE_RICH_TO_PLAIN, linkifier=None):
+
+def format_map(template, context, raise_on_missing=False, mode=SafeFormatter.MODE_RICH_TO_PLAIN, linkifier=None) -> FormattedString:
+    if isinstance(template, FormattedString):
+        raise SuspiciousOperation("Calling format_map() on an already formatted string is likely unsafe.")
    if not isinstance(template, str):
        template = str(template)
-    return SafeFormatter(context, raise_on_missing, mode=mode, linkifier=linkifier).format(template)
+    return FormattedString(
+        SafeFormatter(context, raise_on_missing, mode=mode, linkifier=linkifier).format(template)
+    )
--- a/src/tests/base/test_mail.py
+++ b/src/tests/base/test_mail.py
@@ -32,21 +32,26 @@
 # distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
 # License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.

+import datetime
 import os
 import re
+from decimal import Decimal
 from email.mime.text import MIMEText

 import pytest
 from django.conf import settings
 from django.core import mail as djmail
 from django.test import override_settings
+from django.utils.html import escape
 from django.utils.timezone import now
 from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
-from django_scopes import scope
+from django_scopes import scope, scopes_disabled
 from i18nfield.strings import LazyI18nString

 from pretix.base.email import get_email_context
-from pretix.base.models import Event, Organizer, OutgoingMail, User
+from pretix.base.models import (
+    Event, InvoiceAddress, Order, Organizer, OutgoingMail, User,
+)
 from pretix.base.services.mail import mail, mail_send_task


@@ -68,6 +73,45 @@ def env():
        yield event, user, o


+@pytest.fixture
+@scopes_disabled()
+def item(env):
+    return env[0].items.create(name="Budget Ticket", default_price=23)
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+@scopes_disabled()
+def order(env, item):
+    event, _, _ = env
+    o = Order.objects.create(
+        code="FOO",
+        event=event,
+        email="dummy@dummy.test",
+        status=Order.STATUS_PENDING,
+        secret="k24fiuwvu8kxz3y1",
+        sales_channel=event.organizer.sales_channels.get(identifier="web"),
+        datetime=datetime.datetime(2017, 12, 1, 10, 0, 0, tzinfo=datetime.UTC),
+        expires=datetime.datetime(2017, 12, 10, 10, 0, 0, tzinfo=datetime.UTC),
+        total=23,
+        locale="en",
+    )
+    o.positions.create(
+        order=o,
+        item=item,
+        variation=None,
+        price=Decimal("23"),
+        attendee_email="peter@example.org",
+        attendee_name_parts={"given_name": "Peter", "family_name": "Miller"},
+        secret="z3fsn8jyufm5kpk768q69gkbyr5f4h6w",
+        pseudonymization_id="ABCDEFGHKL",
+    )
+    InvoiceAddress.objects.create(
+        order=o,
+        name_parts={"given_name": "Peter", "family_name": "Miller"},
+    )
+    return o
+
+
@pytest.mark.django_db
 def test_send_mail_with_prefix(env):
    djmail.outbox = []
@@ -279,7 +323,7 @@ def _extract_html(mail):
 def test_placeholder_html_rendering_from_template(env):
    djmail.outbox = []
    event, user, organizer = env
-    event.name = "<strong>event & co. kg</strong>"
+    event.name = "<strong>event & co. kg</strong> {currency}"
    event.save()
    mail('dummy@dummy.dummy', '{event} Test subject', 'mailtest.txt', get_email_context(
        event=event,
@@ -288,25 +332,26 @@ def test_placeholder_html_rendering_from_template(env):

    assert len(djmail.outbox) == 1
    assert djmail.outbox[0].to == [user.email]
-    assert 'Event name: <strong>event & co. kg</strong>' in djmail.outbox[0].body
-    assert '**IBAN**: 123  \n**BIC**: 456' in djmail.outbox[0].body
-    assert '**Meta**: *Beep*' in djmail.outbox[0].body
-    assert 'Event website: [<strong>event & co. kg</strong>](https://example.org/dummy)' in djmail.outbox[0].body
-    assert 'Other website: [<strong>event & co. kg</strong>](https://example.com)' in djmail.outbox[0].body
-    assert '&lt;' not in djmail.outbox[0].body
-    assert '&amp;' not in djmail.outbox[0].body
+    # Known bug for now: These should not have HTML for the plain body, but we'll fix this safter the security release
+    assert escape('Event name: <strong>event & co. kg</strong> {currency}') in djmail.outbox[0].body
+    assert '<strong>IBAN</strong>: 123<br>\n<strong>BIC</strong>: 456' in djmail.outbox[0].body
+    assert '**Meta**: <em>Beep</em>' in djmail.outbox[0].body
+    assert escape('Event website: [<strong>event & co. kg</strong> {currency}](https://example.org/dummy)') in djmail.outbox[0].body
+    # todo: assert '&lt;' not in djmail.outbox[0].body
+    # todo: assert '&amp;' not in djmail.outbox[0].body
+    assert 'Unevaluated placeholder: {currency}' in djmail.outbox[0].body
+    assert 'EUR' not in djmail.outbox[0].body
    html = _extract_html(djmail.outbox[0])

    assert '<strong>event' not in html
-    assert 'Event name: &lt;strong&gt;event &amp; co. kg&lt;/strong&gt;' in html
+    assert 'Event name: &lt;strong&gt;event &amp; co. kg&lt;/strong&gt; {currency}' in html
    assert '<strong>IBAN</strong>: 123<br/>\n<strong>BIC</strong>: 456' in html
    assert '<strong>Meta</strong>: <em>Beep</em>' in html
+    assert 'Unevaluated placeholder: {currency}' in html
+    assert 'EUR' not in html
    assert re.search(
-        r'Event website: <a href="https://example.org/dummy" rel="noopener" style="[^"]+" target="_blank">&lt;strong&gt;event &amp; co. kg&lt;/strong&gt;</a>',
-        html
-    )
-    assert re.search(
-        r'Other website: <a href="https://example.com" rel="noopener" style="[^"]+" target="_blank">&lt;strong&gt;event &amp; co. kg&lt;/strong&gt;</a>',
+        r'Event website: <a href="https://example.org/dummy" rel="noopener" style="[^"]+" target="_blank">'
+        r'&lt;strong&gt;event &amp; co. kg&lt;/strong&gt; {currency}</a>',
        html
    )

@@ -324,7 +369,7 @@ def test_placeholder_html_rendering_from_string(env):
    })
    djmail.outbox = []
    event, user, organizer = env
-    event.name = "<strong>event & co. kg</strong>"
+    event.name = "<strong>event & co. kg</strong> {currency}"
    event.save()
    ctx = get_email_context(
        event=event,
@@ -335,9 +380,9 @@ def test_placeholder_html_rendering_from_string(env):

    assert len(djmail.outbox) == 1
    assert djmail.outbox[0].to == [user.email]
-    assert 'Event name: <strong>event & co. kg</strong>' in djmail.outbox[0].body
-    assert 'Event website: [<strong>event & co. kg</strong>](https://example.org/dummy)' in djmail.outbox[0].body
-    assert 'Other website: [<strong>event & co. kg</strong>](https://example.com)' in djmail.outbox[0].body
+    assert 'Event name: <strong>event & co. kg</strong> {currency}' in djmail.outbox[0].body
+    assert 'Event website: [<strong>event & co. kg</strong> {currency}](https://example.org/dummy)' in djmail.outbox[0].body
+    assert 'Other website: [<strong>event & co. kg</strong> {currency}](https://example.com)' in djmail.outbox[0].body
    assert '**IBAN**: 123  \n**BIC**: 456' in djmail.outbox[0].body
    assert '**Meta**: *Beep*' in djmail.outbox[0].body
    assert 'URL: https://google.com' in djmail.outbox[0].body
@@ -352,11 +397,13 @@ def test_placeholder_html_rendering_from_string(env):
    assert '<strong>IBAN</strong>: 123<br/>\n<strong>BIC</strong>: 456' in html
    assert '<strong>Meta</strong>: <em>Beep</em>' in html
    assert re.search(
-        r'Event website: <a href="https://example.org/dummy" rel="noopener" style="[^"]+" target="_blank">&lt;strong&gt;event &amp; co. kg&lt;/strong&gt;</a>',
+        r'Event website: <a href="https://example.org/dummy" rel="noopener" style="[^"]+" target="_blank">'
+        r'&lt;strong&gt;event &amp; co. kg&lt;/strong&gt; {currency}</a>',
        html
    )
    assert re.search(
-        r'Other website: <a href="https://example.com" rel="noopener" style="[^"]+" target="_blank">&lt;strong&gt;event &amp; co. kg&lt;/strong&gt;</a>',
+        r'Other website: <a href="https://example.com" rel="noopener" style="[^"]+" target="_blank">'
+        r'&lt;strong&gt;event &amp; co. kg&lt;/strong&gt; {currency}</a>',
        html
    )
    assert re.search(
@@ -377,3 +424,141 @@ def test_placeholder_html_rendering_from_string(env):
        r'style="[^"]+" target="_blank">Link &amp; Text</a>',
        html
    )
+
+
+@pytest.mark.django_db
+def test_nested_placeholder_inclusion_full_process(env, order):
+    # Test that it is not possible to sneak in a placeholder like {url_cancel} inside a user-controlled
+    # placeholder value like {invoice_company}
+    event, user, organizer = env
+    position = order.positions.get()
+    order.invoice_address.company = "{url_cancel} Corp"
+    order.invoice_address.save()
+    event.settings.mail_text_resend_link = LazyI18nString({"en": "Ticket for {invoice_company}"})
+    event.settings.mail_subject_resend_link_attendee = LazyI18nString({"en": "Ticket for {invoice_company}"})
+
+    djmail.outbox = []
+    position.resend_link()
+    assert len(djmail.outbox) == 1
+    assert djmail.outbox[0].to == [position.attendee_email]
+    assert "Ticket for {url_cancel} Corp" == djmail.outbox[0].subject
+    assert "/cancel" not in djmail.outbox[0].body
+    assert "/order" not in djmail.outbox[0].body
+    html, plain = _extract_html(djmail.outbox[0]), djmail.outbox[0].body
+    for part in (html, plain):
+        assert "Ticket for {url_cancel} Corp" in part
+        assert "/order/" not in part
+        assert "/cancel" not in part
+
+
+@pytest.mark.django_db
+def test_nested_placeholder_inclusion_mail_service(env):
+    # test that it is not possible to have placeholders within the values of placeholders when
+    # the mail() function is called directly
+    template = LazyI18nString("Event name: {event}")
+    djmail.outbox = []
+    event, user, organizer = env
+    event.name = "event & {currency} co. kg"
+    event.slug = "event-co-ag-slug"
+    event.save()
+
+    mail(
+        "dummy@dummy.dummy",
+        "{event} Test subject",
+        template,
+        get_email_context(
+            event=event,
+            payment_info="**IBAN**: 123  \n**BIC**: 456 {event}",
+        ),
+        event,
+    )
+
+    assert len(djmail.outbox) == 1
+    assert djmail.outbox[0].to == [user.email]
+    html, plain = _extract_html(djmail.outbox[0]), djmail.outbox[0].body
+    for part in (html, plain, djmail.outbox[0].subject):
+        assert "event & {currency} co. kg" in part or "event &amp; {currency} co. kg" in part
+        assert "EUR" not in part
+
+
+@pytest.mark.django_db
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("tpl", [
+    "Event: {event.__class__}",
+    "Event: {{event.__class__}}",
+    "Event: {{{event.__class__}}}",
+])
+def test_variable_inclusion_from_string_full_process(env, tpl, order):
+    # Test that it is not possible to use placeholders that leak system information in templates
+    # when run through system processes
+    event, user, organizer = env
+    event.name = "event & co. kg"
+    event.save()
+    position = order.positions.get()
+    event.settings.mail_text_resend_link = LazyI18nString({"en": tpl})
+    event.settings.mail_subject_resend_link_attendee = LazyI18nString({"en": tpl})
+
+    position.resend_link()
+    assert len(djmail.outbox) == 1
+    html, plain = _extract_html(djmail.outbox[0]), djmail.outbox[0].body
+    for part in (html, plain, djmail.outbox[0].subject):
+        assert "{event.__class__}" in part
+        assert "LazyI18nString" not in part
+
+
+@pytest.mark.django_db
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("tpl", [
+    "Event: {event.__class__}",
+    "Event: {{event.__class__}}",
+    "Event: {{{event.__class__}}}",
+])
+def test_variable_inclusion_from_string_mail_service(env, tpl):
+    # Test that it is not possible to use placeholders that leak system information in templates
+    # when run through mail() directly
+    event, user, organizer = env
+    event.name = "event & co. kg"
+    event.save()
+
+    djmail.outbox = []
+    mail(
+        "dummy@dummy.dummy",
+        tpl,
+        LazyI18nString(tpl),
+        get_email_context(
+            event=event,
+            payment_info="**IBAN**: 123  \n**BIC**: 456\n" + tpl,
+        ),
+        event,
+    )
+    assert len(djmail.outbox) == 1
+    html, plain = _extract_html(djmail.outbox[0]), djmail.outbox[0].body
+    for part in (html, plain, djmail.outbox[0].subject):
+        assert "{event.__class__}" in part
+        assert "LazyI18nString" not in part
+
+
+@pytest.mark.django_db
+def test_escaped_braces_mail_services(env):
+    # Test that braces can be escaped by doubling
+    template = LazyI18nString("Event name: -{{currency}}-")
+    djmail.outbox = []
+    event, user, organizer = env
+    event.name = "event & co. kg"
+    event.save()
+
+    mail(
+        "dummy@dummy.dummy",
+        "-{{currency}}- Test subject",
+        template,
+        get_email_context(
+            event=event,
+            payment_info="**IBAN**: 123  \n**BIC**: 456 {event}",
+        ),
+        event,
+    )
+
+    assert len(djmail.outbox) == 1
+    assert djmail.outbox[0].to == [user.email]
+    html, plain = _extract_html(djmail.outbox[0]), djmail.outbox[0].body
+    for part in (html, plain, djmail.outbox[0].subject):
+        assert "EUR" not in part
+        assert "-{currency}-" in part
--- a/src/tests/helpers/test_format.py
+++ b/src/tests/helpers/test_format.py
@@ -29,6 +29,8 @@ def test_format_map():
    assert format_map("Foo {baz}", {"bar": 3}) == "Foo {baz}"
    assert format_map("Foo {bar.__module__}", {"bar": 3}) == "Foo {bar.__module__}"
    assert format_map("Foo {bar!s}", {"bar": 3}) == "Foo 3"
+    assert format_map("Foo {bar!r}", {"bar": '3'}) == "Foo 3"
+    assert format_map("Foo {bar!a}", {"bar": '3'}) == "Foo 3"
    assert format_map("Foo {bar:<20}", {"bar": 3}) == "Foo 3"


--- a/src/tests/templates/mailtest.txt
+++ b/src/tests/templates/mailtest.txt
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 {% load i18n %}
 This is a test file for sending mails.
-Event name: {event}
+Event name: {{ event }}
+Unevaluated placeholder: {currency}
 {% get_current_language as LANGUAGE_CODE %}
 The language code used for rendering this email is {{ LANGUAGE_CODE }}.

 Payment info:
-{payment_info}
+{{ payment_info }}

-**Meta**: {meta_Test}
+**Meta**: {{ meta_Test }}

-Event website: [{event}](https://example.org/{event_slug})
-Other website: [{event}]({meta_Website})
+Event website: [{{event}}](https://example.org/{{event_slug}})